Fermat's Last Theorem: n = 3: Step 4

http://fermatslasttheorem.blogspot.com/2005/05/fermats-last-theorem-n-3-step-4.html

Fermat's Last Theorem: n = 3: Step 4

Today's blog continues the proof for Fermat's Last Theorem n=3 which was started in aprevious blog.

Lemma: Given the following conditions:

(a) x,y,z is a solution to x³ + y³ = z³
(b) two values of x,y,z are derived from p+q,p-q
(c) p,q coprime
(d) p,q opposite parity
(e) p,q positive
(f) 2p*(p² + 3q²) is a cube.
(g) gcd(2p,p² + 3q²) = 3

Then:
There exists a smaller solution A,B,C such that A³ + B³ = C³.

(1) First, we note that 3 divides p but not q. Since 3 divides 2p [see #g] and p,q are coprime [see #c].

(2) So, there exists s such that:
p = 3s and
2p * (p² + 3q²) = 2p*(3s*3s + 3q²) = 2*3s*(3*3s² + 3q²) =
= 3²*2s(3s² + q²)

(3) Now 3²*2s, 3s² + q² are relatively prime since:

(a) 3 doesn't divide q [step #1]

(b) so 3 doesn't divide 3s² + q²

(c) Since p=3s [#2], s is the same parity as p which means that s,q have opposite parity [see #d in given].

(d) But if s,q have opposite parity, then 2 doesn't divide 3s² + q² since it must be odd.

(e) Finally, gcd(s,q)=1 since gcd(p,q)=1. [see #c in the given]

(4) So, 3²*2s, 3s² + q² are cubes [By Relatively Prime Divisor Lemma] since 3²*2s(3s² + q²) = 2p * (p² + 3q²) [see #2] and 2p * (p² + 3q²) is a cube [see #f in given].

(5) Then, there exists a,b such that:

q = a³ - 9ab²
s = 3a²b - 3b³
gcd(a,b)=1

since:

gcd(q,s)=1 [See #3e above]
q,s have opposite parities [see #3c above]
q² + 3s² is a cube [see #4 above]

[See here for the lemma that establishes this]

(6) From, this we can show that 2b, a-b, a+b are cubes

(a) a,b have different parity since q,s have different parity [see #3c above] since:

Case I: a,b are both even

q = a³ - 9ab² = even - even = even.
s = 3a²b - 3b³ = even - even = even

which is impossible since q,s have different parity.

Case II: a,b are both odd

q = a³ - 9ab² = odd - odd = even
s = 3a²b - 3b³ = odd - odd = even.

which is impossible since q,s have different parity.

(b) a + b, a - b are odd since a,b have different parity so 2 is coprime.

(c) b is coprime to a + b and a - b, otherwise, it would divide a which goes against gcd(a,b)=1

(d) a + b, a - b are coprime since any common factor would be odd and divide both a and b since 2a = a + b + a - b and 2b = a + b - (a - b)

(e) 3²*2s is a cube [see #4 above] so 3²*2s =3²*2[3a²b - 3b³] = 3³*2[a²b - b³] = 3³(2b)(a+b)(a - b) is a cube.

(f) But if 3³(2b)(a+b)(a - b) is a cube, then (2b)(a+b)(a - b) is a cube.

(g) But if (2b)(a+b)(a - b) is a cube and gcd(2b,a+b,a-b)=1 [by #6b,#6c,#6d], then by the Relatively Prime Divisor Lemma, 2b, a+b, and a-bare all cubes.

(7) But this means there exists A,B,C such that:
A³ = 2b
B³ = a - b
C³ = a + b

(8) Which means that there is another solutions to Fermat's Last Theorem n=3 since:

A³ = 2b = a + b - (a - b) = C³ - B³

(9) Now, since:

C³ = a + b which is less than s = (3b)(a - b)(a + b) which is less than p = 3s which is less than either x³ or z³ since either z³ = (2p)*(p² + 3q²) or x³ = (2p) * (p² + 3q²).

(10) So, a solution here leads necessarily to a smaller solution of FLT n=3.

QED